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A Code 39 Barcode Label
*WIKIPEDIA* encoded in Code 39
Code 39 (also known as Alpha39, Code 3 of 9, Code 3/9, Type 39, USS Code 39, or USD-3) is a variable length, discrete barcode symbology.
The Code 39 specification defines 43 characters, consisting of uppercase letters (A through Z), numeric digits (0 through 9) and a number of special characters (-, ., $, /, +, %, and space). An additional character (denoted '*') is used for both start and stop delimiters. Each character is composed of nine elements: five bars and four spaces. Three of the nine elements in each character are wide (binary value 1), and six elements are narrow (binary value 0). The width ratio between narrow and wide is not critical, and may be chosen between 1:2 and 1:3.
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The barcode itself does not contain a check digit (in contrast to—for instance—Code 128), but it can be considered self-checking on the grounds that a single erroneously interpreted bar cannot generate another valid character. Possibly the most serious drawback of Code 39 is its low data density: It requires more space to encode data in Code 39 than, for example, in Code 128. This means that very small goods cannot be labeled with a Code 39 based barcode. However, Code 39 is still used by some postal services (although the Universal Postal Union recommends using Code 128 in all cases[1]), and can be decoded with virtually any barcode reader. One advantage of Code 39 is that since there is no need to generate a check digit, it can easily be integrated into an existing printing system by adding a barcode font to the system or printer and then printing the raw data in that font.[2]
Code 39 was developed by Dr. David Allais and Ray Stevens of Intermec in 1974. Their original design included two wide bars and one wide space in each character, resulting in 40 possible characters. Setting aside one of these characters as a start and stop pattern left 39 characters, which was the origin of the name Code 39.[3] Four punctuation characters were later added, using no wide bars and three wide spaces, expanding the character set to 43 characters. Code 39 was later standardised as ANSI MH 10.8 M-1983 and MIL-STD-1189.[4] MIL-STD-1189 has been cancelled and replaced by ANSI/AIM BC1/1995, Uniform Symbology Specification — Code 39.[5]
Encoding[edit]
The * character presented below is not a true encodable character, but is the start and stop symbol for Code 39. The asymmetry of the symbol allows the reader to determine the direction of the barcode being scanned. This code is traditionally mapped to the * character in barcode fonts and will often appear with the human-readable representation alongside the barcode.
Code 39 Characters
As a generality, the location of the two wide bars can be considered to encode a number between 1 and 10, and the location of the wide space (which has four possible positions) can be considered to classify the character into one of four groups (from left to right): Letters(+30) (U–Z), Digits(+0) (1–9,0), Letters(+10) (A–J), and Letters(+20) (K–T). For example, the letter P (being the 16th letter of the alphabet) has its bars aligned to represent the number 6, and the space in the far right position to select the group Letters(+20).
When represented as a digit, the number '10' is used to encode the number zero. Because there are only six letters in the Letters(+30) group (letters 30–35, or U–Z), the other four positions in this group (36–39) are used to represent three symbols (dash, period, space) as well as the start/stop character.
The two wide bars, out of five possible positions, encode a number between 1 and 10 using a two-out-of-five code with the following numeric equivalence: 1, 2, 4, 7, 0. The numbers are summed together. For example, the number 6 is encoded NWWNN, with wide bars occupying the positions for 2 and 4 (2+4=6). In the case of NNWWN which is 4+7 = 11 it is assigned to 0 for digits (+0), and 10 for the letter columns (+10 – +30). When encoding the (+10 to +30) letters the equation needs a '−1' added so 'A' is WNNNW → 1 + 10 − 1 → 10 as shown in the table.
The last four characters consist of all narrow bars and three wide spaces. There are four possible positions for the single narrow space.
This table outlines the Code 39 specification. The numeric value assigned to each character (except start/stop) is used in the checksum algorithm described below.
Characters are separated by an additional narrow space. For example, the full encoding for the single letter 'A', which actually includes the start and stop characters as '*A*', is '| |▮▮|▮|| |▮| |▮▮|'. The code will not be read properly without these inter-character spaces. Barcode fonts invariably include this space within the glyph for the character.
Code 39 mod 43[edit]
Code 39 is sometimes used with an optional modulo 43 check digit. Using it requires this feature to be enabled in the barcode reader. The code with check digit is referred to as Code 39 mod 43.
To compute this, each character is assigned a value. The assignments are listed in the table above, and almost, but not quite, systematic.
Here is how to do the checksum calculation:
Full ASCII Code 39[edit]
Code 39 is restricted to 43 characters. In Full ASCII Code 39 Symbols 0-9, A-Z, '.', '-' and space are the same as their representations in Code 39. Lower case letters, additional punctuation characters and control characters are represented by sequences of two characters of Code 39.
Software[edit]
Gnu Barcode [6] can produce Code 39 barcodes.
References[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code_39&oldid=941611979#Full_ASCII_Code_39'
Code 39 was developed in 1974 by David Allais and Raymond Stevens, then with Interface Mechanisms Inc. (now Intermec Corporation). It was the first barcode symbology to use alphabetic characters in addition to numeric digits. Variations of Code 39 have been used extensively in multiple industries, notably in the US military as a component of the Logistics Applications of Automated Marking and Reading Symbols (LOGMARS) system.
The Code 39 - Full ASCII symbology is an extension of the original Code 39 (Code 39 - Regular) symbology that enables encoding of all 128 ASCII characters. The barcode reader that is used to scan the barcode must be configured to perform Full ASCII character translations.
Code 39 is defined in ISO/IEC 16388 Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Code 39 bar code symbology specification.
Symbol Structure
The symbol comprises the following elements:
Code 39 Full Ascii Conversion
Each Code 39 - Full ASCII data character is represented by nine elements: five bars and four spaces, three of which are wide and six narrow.
Code 39 start and stop characters are used at the beginning and the end of the barcode message to signal a barcode reader that a Code 39 barcode has been scanned. This character is commonly designated as an asterisk, but you can choose to have no start and stop characters at all or choose to let the data source specify either the start character or the stop character or both. The start and stop characters are not transmitted as part of the barcode and are not included in any check digit calculations.
Character Set
Code 39 - Regular and Code 39 - Full ASCII support the same 43-character set and the same start and stop characters. However, Code 39 - Full ASCII uses special two-character combinations from the 43-character set to allow for the representation of all 128 ASCII characters. In other words, you can encode any of the ASCII standard (not extended) characters and the ASCII control characters into a barcode, as illustrated in the following table from the ISO/IEC standard.
For example, to create lowercase letters, you use the barcode symbol for a plus sign (+) followed immediately by the barcode symbol for the uppercase version of the letter. So, to print the letter 'a', you would create a barcode that uses '+A'.
In this example, the barcode reader, which must be in Full ASCII mode, decodes the plus sign, and then, rather than transmitting it, scans the next barcode character symbol (in this case, a capital 'A') and performs a Full ASCII conversion to then transmit the lowercase 'a'. If the barcode reader were not using Full ASCII translation, no translation would be performed, and the characters '+' and 'A' would be transmitted instead.
Check Digit
Code 39 - Full ASCII allows for an optional check digit that is based on the modulo 43 (mod 43) algorithm.
Symbol Dimensions
The recommended minimum symbol height for manual scanning is 5.0 mm or 15 percent of the symbol width (excluding quiet zones), whichever is greater. The quiet zones must be at least 10X wide, where 'X' is the current X dimension.
Character Density Loss with Code 39 - Full ASCIICode 39 Full Ascii Font Free Download 2020
Although Code 39 - Full ASCII has the advantage of representing all 128 ASCII characters, it does sacrifice barcode character density to do so. When you encode characters that are native to the 43-character Code 39 - Regular character set into Code 39 - Full ASCII, your barcodes do not undergo any degradation in character density. However, because Full ASCII characters are represented by a two-character combination, they take up more space. For example, the word 'SEAGULL' is encoded into the barcode as *SEAGULL*, but the word 'seagull' is encoded into the barcode as *+S+E+A+G+U+L+L*, which takes about twice as much space.
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